ʻO ka pua pua me ke kolamu paʻi iho

Ma waho aʻe o nā ʻokoʻa o nā ana kumu e like me ke poʻo i ka ʻaoʻao a me ka mānoanoa o ke poʻo, ʻo ka ʻokoʻa nui loa i nā maʻamau ka ʻokoʻa o nā ʻāpana threaded. ʻO nā lola o GB, DIN, JIS, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, ua ana ʻia i nā millimeters (MM) a ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia he mau metric threads. ʻO nā kaula e like me ANSI, ASME, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, i ana ʻia i nā iniha, ua kapa ʻia ʻo ʻAmelika maʻamau. Ma waho aʻe o nā milo metric a me nā lola ʻAmelika, aia kekahi maʻamau BSW Pelekania, nona nā kaula i ana ʻia i nā iniha, i kapa ʻia ʻo Wyeth threads.

Ana ʻia nā milo metric ma nā millimeters (MM) a he 60 degere ka piko o ka niho. Ua ana ʻia nā kaula ʻAmelika a me Pelekania ma nā ʻīniha. He 60 degere ka huina niho o ka milo ʻAmelika, a he 55 degere ka huina niho o ka milo Pelekāne. Ma muli o nā ʻāpana ʻokoʻa o ke ana, ʻaʻole like nā ʻano hōʻike o nā loina like ʻole. No ka laʻana, hōʻike ʻo M16-2X60 i nā pae metric. ʻO kāna ʻano kikoʻī ʻo ia ka 16MM o ke anawaena inoa o ka screw, ʻo ka pitch he 2MM, a ʻo ka lōʻihi he 60MM. ʻO kahi laʻana, ʻo 1/4-20X3/4 ke hōʻike nei i ke kaula Pelekane, a ʻo kona ʻano kikoʻī ʻo ke anawaena inoa o ka wili he 1/4 iniha (hoʻokahi ʻīniha=25.4MM), me 20 mau niho ma hoʻokahi ʻīniha a me ka lōʻihi o 3/4 iniha. Eia kekahi, i ka wā e ʻōlelo ai i nā ʻili ʻAmelika, hoʻohui pinepine ʻia ʻo UNC a me UNF ma hope o ka hōʻike ʻana i nā ʻūlū Pelekane e hoʻokaʻawale i waena o nā niho koʻikoʻi ʻAmelika a me nā niho maikaʻi ʻAmelika.

I kā mākou ʻoihana kūʻai hale i kēlā me kēia lā, ʻo nā maʻamau a mākou e hālāwai pinepine ai ʻo GB (National Standard) a me DIN (German Standard).
Ma ke ʻano o nā huahana non aromatic, ʻike nui ʻia nā kūlana aʻe: GB30; GB5783; GB5782; GB62; GB6170; GB818; GB819; GB845; GB846; GB70; DIN912; DIN933; DIN931, etc. I kēia manawa, ua hoʻololi ʻia ʻo GB30 (nā kūlana aupuni kahiko) e GB5783 (nā kūlana aupuni hou) i ka puke maʻamau. Ua pani ʻia ʻo GB52 (ka pae aupuni kahiko) e GB6170 (ke kūlana aupuni hou) ma ka puke maʻamau.

I ka makahiki 1986, ua hoʻokumu ko mākou ʻāina i kahi maʻamau hou no nā ʻāpana maʻamau, i ʻike mau ʻia ʻo ke kūlana hou i ka ʻoihana. ʻO nā mea maʻamau ka GB5780, GB5781, GB5782, GB5783, a me GB5784. ʻO GB5780 he poʻo hexagonal mānoanoa ka hapalua niho wili me ka pae pololei o C, hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia e GB5782 (GB5782 he poʻo hexagonal mānoanoa i piha i ka niho niho me ka pae pololei o A a me B). ʻO GB5781 he poʻo hexagonal piha niho wili me ka pae pololei o C. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ʻo GB5783 ma ke ʻano he pani (GB5783 he poʻo hexagonal piha niho wili me nā pae pololei o A a me B). ʻO GB5784 he wili hexagonal me kahi koʻokoʻo lahilahi a me ka hapalua niho.

ʻO ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka lepili hou a me ka lepili kahiko, ʻo ia nā huahana M8, M10, M12, M14, a me M22 i ka laulā o nā ʻaoʻao. Ma waho aʻe o nā huahana M22 hou, ʻo nā kihi poʻo o nā huahana lepili hou M8, M10, M12, a me M14 he 1MM ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o ko ka lepili kahiko. ʻO lākou ka 13mm, 16mm, 18mm, a me 21mm. Eia nō naʻe, no nā huahana M22 hou, ʻo ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe o ka lepili hou he 2MM ka nui ma mua o ka lepili kahiko, no laila pono e uku ʻia ka nānā kūikawā. No ka mānoanoa o ke poʻo, aia kahi ʻokoʻa liʻiliʻi ma waena o nā kūlana hou a me nā mea kahiko, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā kūlana ʻaʻole koʻikoʻi nā koi.

Aia ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka maʻamau hou a me ka maʻamau Kelemania i nā kikoʻī huahana o M10, M12, M14, a me M22, ʻokoʻa i ka laulā o nā kihi. ʻO ke poʻo i ka lihi maʻamau hou o M10, M12, M14 he 1MM ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka maʻamau Kelemania. ʻO ka huahana hou o M22 he poʻo laula ʻo 2MM ka laulā ma mua o ka laulā lihi i kaha ʻia, a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā huahana ʻē aʻe a pau.

No nā hua hexagonal, ʻo nā mea maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia me GB52, GB6170, GB6172, a me DIN934. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa nui ma waena o lākou ʻo GB6170 ʻoi aku ka mānoanoa ma mua o GB52, GB6172, a me DIN934, i ʻike mau ʻia he ʻano mānoanoa. Eia kekahi, aia ka ʻokoʻa ma nā ʻaoʻao. Ma ka M8 nut series, ʻo nā kihi o DIN934, GB6170, a me GB6172 he 13mm, ʻo ia ka 1MM liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka ʻaoʻao 14mm o GB52. No nā hua M10, ʻo nā kihi o DIN934 a me GB52 he 17mm, ʻo ia ka 1MM ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o nā kihi o GB6170 a me GB6172. No nā hua M12, ʻo nā kihi o DIN934 a me GB52 he 19mm, ʻo ia ka 1MM ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ka ʻaoʻao 18mm o GB6170 a me GB6172. No nā M14 nuts, ʻo ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe o DIN934 a me GB52 he 22mm, ʻo ia ka 1MM ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ka ʻaoʻao o GB6170 a me GB6172, ʻo ia ka 21mm. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka M22 nut he 32MM ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe i ka DIN934 a me GB52, ʻo ia ka 2MM liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka 34MM e kū pono ana i ka GB6170 a me GB6172. ʻO GB6170 a me GB6172 ka laulā lihi like ʻole koe wale nō ko lākou mānoanoa like ʻole. Hiki ke hoʻohana like ʻia nā kikoʻī ʻē aʻe me ka nānā ʻole i ka mānoanoa.